واکاوی استقلال قضایی در ایران از مشروطه تا پهلوی(1285-1357)

نوع مقاله : تاریخ معاصر ایران

نویسنده

هیات علمی گروه پژوهشی مظالعات تاریخی انقلاب اسلامی، مرکز اسناد انقلاب اسلامی

چکیده

استقلال قضایی یکی از مهم ترین ارکان دموکراسی، تفکیک قوا و حفظ و تقویت برابری و عدالت در جامعه است و بنابراین وجود یا فقدان استقلال دستگاه قضایی یکی از ملاک های مهم در شناخت و تحلیل وضعیت جوامع در دوره های گوناگون است. این مهم دغدغه‌ی مقالهی حاضر در پاسخ به پرسش از چگونگی و حدود و ثغور استقلال قضایی در ایران از پیش از مشروطه تا آستانه‌ی انقلاب اسلامی بوده است که با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و با بهره گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و سندی، در صدد بررسی و ترسیم فراز و فرود استقلال قضایی در یاران در دوره ی مورد اشاره و تحلیل ریشه ها و دلایل آن بوده است. یافته های این مقاله نشان میدهد که استقلال قضایی دستگاه قضایی در ایران چه از زمان انحصار آن در دست فقها، یا زمان تقسیم اختیارات و وظایف آن میان محاکم شرع و عرف، تا تأسیس دیوان مظالم و صندوق عدالت در زمان ناصرالدین شاه، یا عدالت خانه‌ی مظفرالدین شاه و یا حتی ایجاد تشکیلات نسبتآً مدرن قضائی، به اهتمام داور در زمان رضاشاه و گسترش تشکیلات قضایی در عصر پهلوی دوم، به دلایل متعددی از جمله نقص تشکیلات قضایی، تداخل حوزه‌ی صلاحیت شرع و عرف، عدم تنظیم و تدوین قوانین متحد الشکل، عدم وجود ضمانت اجرای قانونی، و از همه مهم‌تر ماهیت استبدادی نظام حاکم و مداخله‌ی مقامات در امور قضایی، هرگز طعم واقعی استقلال را نچشید و همواره تحت تأثیر فشارهای درونی و بیرونی و اعمال نفوذ صاحبان قدرت بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of judicial independence in Iran from constitutional to Pahlavi (1906-1979)

نویسنده [English]

  • sona qajar
faculty of the Islamic Revolution Historical Studies Research Group, Islamic Revolution Documentation Center
چکیده [English]

The judicial system in Iran, whether from the time of its monopoly in the hands of the jurists, or the time of dividing its powers and duties between the Sharia and customary courts, until the establishment of the “Diwan Mazalem” and the Justice Fund during the time of Naser al-Din Shah, or the “Edalat Khane” of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, or even the creation of relatively modern institutions Judiciary, due to the diligence of the Davar during the time of Reza Shah and the expansion of the judiciary in the second Pahlavi era, for several reasons, including the shortcomings of the judiciary, the interference of the jurisdiction of Sharia and custom, the lack of regulation and compilation of uniform laws, the lack of guarantee of legal enforcement, and of all More importantly, the authoritarian nature of the ruling system and the intervention of the authorities in judicial affairs, never tasted the true taste of independence and was always influenced by internal and external pressures and the influence of those in power. The present article, in response to the question of the nature, limits and loopholes of judicial independence in Iran from before the constitution to the threshold of the Islamic revolution, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and documentary sources, aims to investigate and outline the ups and downs of this process. judicial independence and analysis of its roots and reasons.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Judicial independence
  • separation of powers
  • constitutional era
  • first Pahlavi
  • second Pahlavi
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